According to the National Career Development Association's guidelines, which competencies should all students develop?

The correct answer, which focuses on self-knowledge and career planning, aligns with the foundational competencies that the National Career Development Association emphasizes for all students. Self-knowledge refers to a student’s understanding of their interests, values, abilities, and personality traits, which is crucial for making informed decisions about their career paths.

Career planning is equally significant, as it encompasses the ability to identify potential career options, set realistic career goals, and develop actionable steps to achieve these goals. This competency helps students navigate their future, ensuring they can respond flexibly to changing job markets and personal aspirations.

While the other options include valuable skills like leadership, emotional resilience, and interpersonal abilities, the NCDA stresses that self-knowledge and career planning are essential starting points. These areas provide the basis for successful career development, making them fundamental competencies for all students.